… ment program for lepidopteran pests of Bt corn and cotton” (… mitigation and sustainable
management of resistant insect … amount, and Bt seeds cost more than non-Bt refuge seeds. …

… In cotton and maize, adoption rates are influenced by the … In the case of Bt corn targeting
corn rootworm larvae, the dose … -dose refuge” strategy, mating may not be random, resistance …

… delay resistance evolution, typically, refuges of non-Bt maize … by the implementation of insect
resistance management (IRM) … Spain where adoption rates of Bt maize are the highest, (ii) …

… production increased use of Bt corn and reduced corn rotations … the use of refuges for
delaying evolution of pest resistance to Bt … if a refuge mandate or a price-based incentive is more …

… costs appear to accompany Bt resistance by European corn … high-dose Bt traits can be
compromised by pest resistance and … both Bt corn and Bt cotton, increasing refuges of non-Bt corn …

… costs/recessive fitness costs of the resistance. The long-term … well as for a sustainable use
of Bt corn technology in China. … non-Bt seeds that serve as a refuge for susceptible insects (SS)…

… non-Bt maize, in addition to planting refuges of non-Bt maize, … In the US, an insect resistance
management (IRM) strategy is … corn rootworm, fitness costs of resistance to Bt maize may …

… and management of insect resistance and shows how a better … compliance rates for transgenic
insecticidal corn refuge size … of Bt corn, coordinating refuge for lepidopteran pests with …

… planted with non-Bt plants to serve as a ‘refuge’ for SS populations… IRM strategies for the
sustainable use of Bt crop technology. … on non-Bt maize and both did not show any fitness costs. …

… producing two or more Bt toxins targeting corn borers, may limit … in preimaginal survival rates
have been observed. … planting of refuges in areas with high adoption rate of Bt maize such …